Is there a law in Spain / France / European Union that prevents the gouverment from installing security cameras in the streets?
As of my knowledge there are currently no general, legally enforceable rules to limit privacy invasions and protect against abuse of CCTV systems.
What I never understand though, is that people can’t take a photo of me (on their phone for example) without asking me for permission, but they can follow me everywhere with CCTV. Surely they still aren’t allowed to photograph me, even if it is with CCTV
I believe what you’re talking about is one party consent laws.
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One-party consent laws: For the audio recording of private conversations, the law allows recording of phone calls or, most importantly for home security cameras, in-person conversations with the consent of at least one of the parties.
That means as long as you or another consenting adult are the parties in the audio being recorded, you’re free and clear to keep recording.
Which is why people need to ask for your permission to take a picture of you as they are not one of the parties involved in the photo.
However it’s different with governments as they can get away with mass surveillance pretty easily for “public safety reasons” and “crime prevention” 
Keeping in mind that studies have shown that surveillance is not effective at reducing potential crime
My school uses the same types of cameras but they are much worse then the ones at Landon for example they records everyone in the school hall especially inside the bathroom I asked them myself to turn them off but they said no because we care about school safety it’s so madding hope I can find a solution for it 